Understanding Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that most commonly appear in the legs and feet. They develop when the valves inside the veins weaken or stop working properly, allowing blood to flow backward and collect in the vein instead of moving efficiently back toward the heart.

This buildup of blood causes the veins to stretch and become visible beneath the skin. Varicose veins often appear dark blue or purple and may bulge outward from the surface of the skin.

While some people experience only cosmetic concerns, others may develop symptoms such as heaviness, aching, swelling, or fatigue in the legs. In some cases, varicose veins can also indicate underlying circulation issues affecting the veins.

medical diagram showing varicose veins in the leg
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What Are Varicose Veins?

Veins carry blood from the body back to the heart. Inside the veins are small valves that help keep blood moving upward in one direction.

When these valves weaken or become damaged, blood can begin flowing backward and collecting inside the vein. This increased pressure causes the vein walls to stretch and enlarge, leading to the appearance of varicose veins.

Varicose veins most often develop in the legs because standing and walking increase pressure in the lower body veins.

Over time, untreated vein problems may progress and lead to additional symptoms affecting circulation in the legs.

Symptoms of Varicose Veins

Varicose veins can cause both visible changes and physical symptoms in the legs.

Common symptoms may include:

  • Bulging veins visible beneath the skin
  • Aching or throbbing in the legs
  • Heaviness or fatigue in the legs
  • Swelling around the ankles or lower legs
  • Burning or itching around affected veins
  • Cramping in the calves
  • Skin discoloration near the ankles
  • Symptoms that worsen after standing for long periods

Some people notice that symptoms improve when the legs are elevated or when compression is applied.

diagram showing varicose veins and how vein valves affect blood flow
diagram showing stages of varicose veins from vascular asterisks to venous insufficiency

What Causes Varicose Veins

Varicose veins develop when vein valves weaken and allow blood to flow backward inside the veins.

Instead of moving upward toward the heart, blood collects in the vein and increases pressure. This pressure gradually causes the vein to stretch and enlarge.

Several factors can contribute to valve weakness and vein enlargement, including increased pressure in the leg veins and changes in the vein walls.

Because circulation in the legs works against gravity, these veins are particularly vulnerable to valve problems.

Risk Factors for Varicose Veins

Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing varicose veins.

Common risk factors include:

  • Family history of vein disease
  • Aging, which weakens vein walls and valves
  • Long periods of standing or sitting
  • Pregnancy
  • Excess body weight
  • Reduced physical activity
  • Hormonal changes

People who spend long hours standing or sitting may experience increased pressure in the leg veins, which can contribute to the development of varicose veins.

When Should You See a Specialist?

Varicose veins should be evaluated by a specialist if symptoms begin affecting comfort, mobility, or daily activities.

You may want to seek medical evaluation if you notice:

  • Persistent leg heaviness or aching
  • Swelling in the ankles or lower legs
  • Skin discoloration near the ankles
  • Burning or itching around the veins
  • Visible veins that are worsening over time
  • Leg fatigue after standing or walking
  • Skin changes near the veins

Early evaluation can help identify circulation problems before complications develop.

vascular specialist evaluating patient during medical consultation

How Varicose Veins May Be Evaluated

A specialist typically evaluates varicose veins by reviewing symptoms, examining the legs, and assessing circulation.

In many cases, an ultrasound examination of the leg veins may be performed. This type of imaging allows doctors to see how blood flows through the veins and identify any areas where the valves may not be functioning properly.

The evaluation helps determine whether symptoms are related to vein disease and what treatment options may be appropriate.

doctor performing vascular ultrasound to evaluate the leg

What Are You Experiencing?

These symptoms may sometimes appear alongside varicose veins.

Concerned About Varicose Veins?

If you are experiencing symptoms such as leg heaviness, visible veins, or swelling, evaluation by a specialist may help identify the underlying cause.

A specialist can assess circulation, evaluate vein health, and discuss treatment options that may improve comfort and leg function.

Find a specialist to evaluate your symptoms and explore possible treatment options.

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